Journal of Agronomy Research

Journal of Agronomy Research

Journal of Agronomy Research

Current Issue Volume No: 4 Issue No: 3

Research Article Open Access Available online freely Peer Reviewed Citation

Development of Biorational Management Package of Root Knot Nematode Disease of Country Bean

Iqbal Faruk 1  

1Principal Scientific Officer, Plant Pathology Division, Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Bangladesh.

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted with a view to test the efficacy of Tricho-composts and integration of Tricho-composts, poultry refuse (PR), neem oilcake (NOC), saw dust burning (SDB) with chemical nematicide Furadan 5G (Carbofuran) for controlling root knot nematode of country bean through which growers will be benefited. The root-knot nematode infested soils were treated with Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit, Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit, Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5 G @ 20 g/pit, Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5 G @ 20 g/pit, poultry refuse @ 5-6 kg/pit + Furadan 5 G @20 g/pit , neem oil cake @ 500 g/pit + Furadan 5 G @ 20 g/pit and saw dust burning + Furadan 5 G @ 20 g/pit. It was revealed that all the treatments performed well in reducing root-knot nematode infestation and increasing plant growth and yield country bean compared to farmers’ practices. Among the treatments, integration of poultry refuse with Furadan 5G or Trichoderma based bio-fungicides Tricho-composts with Furadan 5G or neem oil cake with Furadan 5G are the best treatments in reducing root-knot nematode infestation and increasing plant growth as well as yield of country bean. Soil treatment with only Tricho-composts or integration of saw dust burning with Furadan 5G also performed better in reduction of root knot nematode disease and increasing plant growth as well as yield of country bean.

Author Contributions
Received 16 Nov 2021; Accepted 12 Feb 2022; Published 17 Feb 2022;

Academic Editor: Abubaker Haroun Mohamed Adam, Department of Crop Science (Agronomy), College of Agriculture, Bahri University- Alkadaru- Khartoum -Sudan.

Checked for plagiarism: Yes

Review by: Single-blind

Copyright ©  2022 Iqbal Faruk

License
Creative Commons License     This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Citation:

Iqbal Faruk (2022) Development of Biorational Management Package of Root Knot Nematode Disease of Country Bean. Journal of Agronomy Research - 4(3):28-38. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-21-4019

Download as RIS, BibTeX, Text (Include abstract )

DOI 10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-21-4019

Introduction

Country bean (Dolichos lablab) under legume is a very popular vegetable grown all over the country. It is cultivated commercially in different areas of Bangladesh 1. In Chittagong region the farmers follow intensive practices of country bean production as a commercial crop both in ails (border) of the plots or main plots 2. The crop is attacked by many pests and diseases causing marked yield loss. Among the diseases, root knot caused by Meloidogyneincognita is highly damaging and yield reducing factor of country bean throughout the country 3. Due to only root-knot the crop suffers heavily, growth is retarded, fruit setting reduced, size and yield decreased and in serious condition, the plant die due to secondary infection with fungi and bacteria. In the late season the big size galls are easily visible at the base of the plants. A number of approaches aimed for controlling root-knot nematodes through application of nematicides 4 and 5, organic soil amendments 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, cultural management, physical methods like soil solarization 11 and biological measures like Trichoderma spp, Pacecilomyces lilacinus, Pasturia penetrans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa12, 13, 14. Country bean cultivar resistant to root-knot nematode is not available in Bangladesh. There are few synthetic chemical nematicides which have been used to control plant parasitic nematodes effectively. Although these are effective and fast acting, they are degrading to the environment, other beneficial soil micro flora and human health 15. Therefore, alternate management options against the nematodes are to be sought. Many researchers have focused on the use of organic amendments to control plant-parasitic nematodes 9, 16, 17. On the other hand biological control promises to be the most effective alternative for the management of root-knot nematode 18, 19. Bio-products contain bio-control agents (bacterium, fungus, virus, protozoan or alga) are host specific and are potential candidates for integrated pest management 20. The free-living soil fungi Trichoderma spp. are potential nematode bio-control agents on many food, vegetable and cash crops 21, 22. Besides Trichoderma spp. is common soil beneficial bio-fertilizer belonging to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria have also been used for controlling root-knot nematodes 23, 24. Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes with antagonistic fungi is a promising technique which may be incorporated in integrated nematode management and gaining importance 25, 26. Under these circumstances,, the present study was designed to examine the nematicidal potential of locally developed bio-products viz. Tricho-compost-1 and Tricho-compost-2 containing bio-control agent T.harzianum and integration of bio-products, organic soil amendments, poultry refuse, neem oil cake with lower dose of nematicide Furadan 5G for the management of M. incognita infecting country bean plants and to increase plant growth and yield of country bean under field conditions

Materials and Methods

Management of root-knot nematode disease (Meloidogyne incognita) of country bean with formulated T. harzianum called Tricho-composts and integration of formulated T. harzianum called Tricho-composts, two commonly available organic amendments namely neem oil cake (NOC), poultry refuses (PR) and saw dust burning with nematicide Furadan 5G (Carbofuran) was studied. The experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh during 2017-18 and 2018-19 cropping years.

Tricho-Compost Preparation

Commercially available Trichoderma inoculums (bioderma) were collected from Ispahani Agro Tech. Bangladesh Ltd. The collected inoculums were mixed with vermi-compost @ 1:20 (w/w) and kept for 7 days for multiplication of Trichoderma into the mixture and it’s designated as Tricho-compost-1. Previously, collected and isolated virulent cultured of T. harzianum (TM7)by Plant Pathology Division, BARIwas initially formulated in substrates containing a mixture of rice bran, wheat bran and mustard oilcake. The formulated Trichoderma was mixed with vermi-compost @ 1:20 (w/w) and kept for 7 days for multiplication of Trichoderma into the mixture and it’s designated as Tricho-compost-2.

Field Experiment

The field trials were conducted in the fields of Plant Pathology Division, BARI, Gazipur during 2017-18 and 2018-19 cropping years. There were 8 treatments viz. (i) Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit (ii) Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit (iii) Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5 G @ 20 g/pit (iv) Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5 G @ 20 g/pit, (v) Poultry refuse @ 5-6 kg/pit + Furadan 5 G @20 g/pit , (vi) Neem oil cake @ 500 g/pit + Furadan 5 G @ 20 g/pit (vii) Saw dust burning + Furadan 5 G @ 20 g/pit and (viii) Farmers practices. The field experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications. The unit pit size was 2 m x 2 m keeping 1m distance from pit to pit. Standard cultivation procedures recommended by BARI were followed to grow country beanwith little modification. The experimental land was prepared with proper tillage and fertilizers were added during final land preparation. Requisite amount of poultry refuse and neem oil cake were incorporation with the soil 3 weeks before seed sowing whereas Tricho-composts were added in the soils 5 days before seed sowing. After application, the organic materials were properly mixed with the soil and kept moist for proper decomposition. In case of saw dust burning, 6 cm thick layer of dry saw dust cover with pit soil and burned the soil properly. After burning the ash were mixed with the soil. Furadan 5G was added at the time of seed sowing. To ensure inocula of the nematode, chopped severely galled roots of tomato infected with Meliodogyne incognitawere mixed with the pit soils @100 gmpit-1 before seed sowing. The country bean seeds variety BARI Shem-2 were sown in the pits and each pit received ten seeds. During crop season necessary weeding, irrigation and other intercultural operations were done as per recommendation of the crop. After 45-50 days seed sowing, 2 seedlings were kept in each pit and the rest of the seedlings from each pit was uprooted carefully without disturb the root system for data collection.

Data Collection and Analysis

Data on different parameters viz. plant height, plant weight, root length, root weight and yield were recorded. Gall index was recorded following 0-10 scale 27. Data were analyzed statistically by using the MSTATC program. The treatment effects were compared by applying the least significant different (LSD) test at P=0.05 level.

Results and Discussion

Plant Growth

In both the years, plant growth parameter viz. shoot length and shoot weight of country bean significantly enhanced by soil treatment with Tricho-composts, integration of Tricho-composts, poultry refuse (PR), neem oilcake (NOC) and saw dust burning (SDB) with Furadan 5G compared to farmers’ practices (Table 1). Average shoot length of country bean under farmers’ practices was 121.3 cm plant-1 in the first year and 135.3 cm plant-1 in the second year. Soil amendments with PR + Furadan 5G, NOC + Furadan 5G, SDB + Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2+Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2 and Tricho-compost-1 increased the parameter to 175.5-200.5 cm plant-1 in the first year and 163.5-175.0 cm plant-1 in the second year. In the first year, soil amendments with PR+ Furadan 5G and NOC+ Furadan 5G gave the higher shoot length followed by Tricho-compost-2+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2, Tricho-compost-1 and SDB + Furadan 5G (Table 2). In the second year, all the treatment gave significantly similar effect in increasing shoot length compared to farmers’ practices (Table 1).

In first year, average shoots weight of country bean was 107.3 gplant-1 in farmers’ practices. It increased to 152.2-174.6 g plant-1 due to soil treatments with PR + Furadan 5G, NOC + Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2+Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2, SDB +Furadan 5G and Tricho-compost-1(Table 1). The highest shoot weight 174.6 g plant-1 was achieved from soil treatments PR+Furadan 5G treatment, which was followed by soil amendments Tricho-compost-2+Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+Furadan 5G and Tricho-compost-2 where the shoot weight was 171.8, 170.7, 169.2 and 168.0 g plant-1, respectively (Table 1). The least effective treatment to increase shoot weight was Tricho-compost-1, which was followed by SDB +Furadan 5G treatments. In second year, the lowest shoot weight of country bean was 112.3 g plant-1 recorded in the farmers’ practices. In this year all the treatments were significantly similar effect in increasing shoot weight than farmers’ practices (Table 1).

Table 1. Effect of soil treatment with Tricho-compost, poultry refuse, neem oil cake and nematicide on plant growth of country bean in soil inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita.
Organic amendments, Tricho-composts and Furadan 5G with dose Shoot length (cm) Shoot weight (gplant-1)
2017-18 2018-19 2017-18 2018-19
Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit 175.3 bc 163.5 a 152.2 b 158.8 a
Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit 185.8 abc 170.0 a 168.0 ab 159.0 a
Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5G @ 20 g/pit 192.8 ab 170.8 a 169.2 ab 161.8 a
Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 192.8 ab 171.3 a 171.8 ab 163.5 a
Poultry refuse @ 5-6 kg/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 198.8 a 170.8 a 174.6 a 154.0 a
Neem oil cake @ 500 g/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 200.5 a 175.0 a 170.7 ab 154.5 a
Saw dust burning +Furadan 5G @ 20 g/pit 175.5 c 166.5 a 153.50 b 145.5 a
Farmers practices 121.3 d 135.3 b 107.3 c 112.3 b
LSD 20.88 18.96 21.02 20.31

• In a column, similar letter (s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of probability
Table 2. Effect of soil treatment with Tricho-compost, poultry refuse, neem oil cake and nematicide on root growth of country bean in soil inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita.
Organic amendments, Tricho-composts and Furadan 5G with dose Root length (cm) Root weight (gplant-1)
2017-18 2018-19 2017-18 2018-19
Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit 21.75 b 22.60 a 5.86 ab 5.70 ab
Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit 23.25 ab 23.00 a 5.86 ab 5.81 ab
Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5G @ 20 g/pit 26.00 ab 23.75 a 6.10 ab 5.88 ab
Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 28.00 a 24.25 a 6.41 ab 5.93 ab
Poultry refuse @ 5-6 kg/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 27.25 ab 23.75 a 6.68 a 6.06 a
Neem oil cake @ 500 g/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 26.10 ab 23.00 a 6.10 ab 5.81 ab
Saw dust burning +Furadan 5G @ 20 g/pit 23.25 ab 22.75 a 5.45 bc 5.28 bc
Farmers practices 15.00 c 17.25 b 4.83 c 4.55 c
LSD 5.97 7.709 0.733 0.735

• In a column, similar letter (s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of probability

Root Growth

Amendment of soil with PR+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2 and Tricho-compost-1 showed positive effects on root growth of country bean as compared to farmers’ practices (Table 2). In first year, the minimum root length of 15.00 cmplant-1 was recorded under farmers’ practices. Soil amendment with Tricho-compost-2+ Furadan 5G gave the highest shoot length as 28.00 cmplant-1 followed by PR+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2, SDB + Furadan 5G and Tricho-compost-1 where root length was 27.25, 26.10, 26.00, 23.25, 23.25 and 21.75 cmplant-1, respectively (Table 2). More or less similar trend was also observed in the second year trial. In second year, the lowest plant weight of bottle gourd was 4.55 g plant-1 recorded in the farmers’ practices. Soil amendment with PR+ Furadan 5G gave the highest shoot weight 6.06 g plant-1 followed by soil treatment with Tricho-compost-2+Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2 and Tricho-compost-1 where the shoot weight was 5.93, 5.88, 5.81, 5.81 and 5.70 g plant-1, respectively but significant difference among treatments were not observed (Table 2). The least effective treatment was SDB +Furadan 5G where the root weight was 5.28 gplant-1 (Table 2).

Severity of Root-Knot Nematode Disease

In both the years, the severity of root-knot disease of country bean was reduced significantly over farmers practices due to soil treatment with Tricho-composts, integration Tricho-compost, poultry refuse (PR), neem oilcake (NOC) and saw dust burning (SDB) with Furadan 5G (Table 3). In the first year, the maximum average gall index value of 5.18 was recorded in the farmers’ practices. It was reduced to 1.50 to 2.00 due to application of different treatments. All the treatment gave significantly similar effect in reduction of root knot disease severity compared to farmers’ practices (Table 3). Soil amendment with PR + Furadan 5G gave the highest reduction of root-knot nematode disease severity 70.04% compared to farmers’ practices followed by Tricho-compost-2+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2, Tricho-compost-1 and SDB+ Furadan 5G where the reduction of root-knot nematode disease severity was 69.88%, 69.31%, 68.73%, 62.74%, 62.55% and 61.39%, respectively (Table 3).

Table 3. Effect of soil treatment with Tricho-compost, poultry refuse, neem oil cake and nematicide on the root knot nematode disease severity of country bean in soil inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita.
Organic amendments, Tricho-composts and Furadan 5G with dose Gall index  Reduction of gall index over control (%)
2017-18 2018-19 2017-18 2018-19
Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit 1.94 b 0.65 bc 62.55 82.09
Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit 1.93 b 0.55 bc 62.74 84.85
Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5G @ 20 g/pit 1.59 b 0.53 c 69.31 85.40
Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 1.56 b 0.50 c 69.88 86.23
Poultry refuse @ 5-6 kg/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 1.50 b 0.53 c 70.04 85.40
Neem oil cake @ 500 g/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 1.62 b 0.58 bc 68.73 84.02
Saw dust burning +Furadan 5G @ 20 g/pit 2.00 b 0.93 b 61.39 74.38
Farmers practices 5.18 a 3.63 a - -
LSD 0.5.5 0.377 - -

• In a column, similar letters (s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of probability.

In the second year, the highest gall index value of 3.63 was found in farmers’ practices plot and the values were reduced to 0.50 to 0.93 due to application of different treatments (Table 3). The reduction in disease severity was significant compared to farmers’ practices. The maximum reduction 86.23% compared to farmers’ practices was obtained from soil amendment with Tricho-compost-2+ Furadan 5G treatment followed by PR + Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1 and SDB+ Furadan 5G where the reduction of root-knot nematode disease severity was 85.40%, 85.40%, 84.85%, 84.02%, 82.09% and 74.38%, respectively than farmers’ practices (Table 3).

Crop Yield

Soil amendments with PR+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2 + Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2 and Tricho-compost-1 played significant role in increasing crop yield per hectare of country bean in both years (Table 4). In the first year, the lowest fruit yield of 11.63 tha-1 was found under farmers’ practices. The yield was increased to 18.75 to 22.30 tha-1 due to application of different treatments with Tricho-compost-2+ Furadan 5G, PR+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2, Tricho-compost-1 and SDB+ Furadan 5G. Soil treatment with Tricho-compost-2+ Furadan 5G, PR+ Furadan 5G and Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G gave higher yield of country bean with 22.30, 21.88 and 21.38 tha-1, respectively followed by soil treatment with NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2 and Tricho-compost-1 where yield was 20.88, 20.81 and 20.38 tha-1, respectively but there was no significant difference among the treatments (Table). The least effective treatment in increasing the yield of contry bean was SDB+ Furadan 5G. The maximum yield increased was obtained with treatment of Tricho-compost-2+ Furadan 5G where fruit yield was 47.85% higher compared to farmers’ practices which followed by PR+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2, Tricho-compost-1 and SDB+ Furadan 5G where the yield was 46.85%, 45.60%, 44.30%, 44.11%, 42.93% and 37.97% higher yield than farmers’ practices, respectively. In the 2nd year, average fruit yield was 11.50 tha-1 under the farmers’ practices and the yield was increased 17.88 to 20.50 tha-1 under treated plots (Table 4). The highest increase of yield 43.90% compared to farmers’ practices in PR+Furadan 5G treatment which was followed by Tricho-compost-2+ Furadan 5G, NOC+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-1+ Furadan 5G, Tricho-compost-2 and SDB+ Furadan 5G where yield was increase 43.38%, 43.21%, 41.77%, 41.42% and 40.66%, respectively over farmers’ practices. The lowest increase 35.68% than farmers’ practices was achieved with Tricho-compost-1 treatment (Table 4). 

Table 4. Effect of soil treatment with Tricho-compost, poultry refuse, neem oil cake and nematicide on yield of country bean in soil inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita.
Organic amendments, Tricho-composts and Furadan 5G with dose Yield (tha-1) Yield higher over control (%)
2017-18 2018-19 2017-18 2018-19
Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit 20.38 ab 17.88 a 42.93 35.68
Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit 20.81 ab 19.63 a 44.11 41.42
Tricho-compost-1 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5G @ 20 g/pit 21.38 a 19.75 a 45.60 41.77
Tricho-compost-2 @ 2 kg/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 22.30 a 20.31 a 47.85 43.38
Poultry refuse @ 5-6 kg/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 21.88 a 20.50 a 46.85 43.90
Neem oil cake @ 500 g/pit + Furadan 5G@ 20 g/pit 20.88 ab 20.25 a 44.30 43.21
Saw dust burning +Furadan 5G @ 20 g/pit 18.75 b 19.38 a 37.97 40.66
Farmers practices 11.63 c 11.50 b - -
LSD 2.373 2.924 - -

• In a column, similar letters (s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of probability.

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are among the most economically damaging genera of plant parasitic nematodes on horticultural and field crops. Nematodes especially root knot nematodes management is complicated and difficult. Organic amendments and bio-control agents have been recognized in the management of plant parasitic nematodes and improvement of soil health. Due to their apparent environmental nontoxic benefits they have been considered in integrated nematode management with inorganic amendments. In general, combining different nematode management practices are a good option to prevent disease outbreaks and secure yield. The present study was designed to determine the potentiality of soil treatment with bio-products, Tricho-composts containing biological control agent T. harzianum or integration of Tricho-composts with chemical nematicide Furadan 5G or integration of organic amendment viz. poultry refuse and neem oilcake with Furadan 5G as well as saw dust burning with Furadan 5G in the suppression of root-knot nematodes and increasing plant growth as well as yield of country bean in the field. Our results demonstrated that integrated soil amending with Tricho-composts with Furadan 5G, poultry refuse with Furadan 5G and neem oil cake with Furadan 5G drastically suppressed gall index valued caused by root-knot nematode M. incognita and increasing plant growth parameters such as shoot length, shoot weight, root length and root weight as well as yield of country bean compared to farmers’ practices. Soil amendment with only Tricho-composts and saw dust burning with Furadan 5G also reduced gall index values and improved plant growth to some extend but its efficacy was not as good as the integration of Tricho-composts with Furadan 5G, poultry refuse with Furadan 5G and neem oil cake with Furadan 5G .

These results are in agreement with that of Dahlin et al. 28 who reported that the combination of a chemical treatment to down regulates the M. incognita population followed by the application of a fungal antagonist is more successful to control these nematodes compared to each treatment alone. Biocontrol agent combinations have also shown varied results. For example, Rao 29 showed that combining P. chlamydosporia and P. fluorescens improved nematode control. Combining neem cake amendments with P. penetrans gave encouraging results 30. Sundaram and Hangaraj 31 also reported a reduction of the population of M. incognita, when T. harzianum were applied as a seed treatment. The fungal bioagent T. harzianum showed their bioefficacy against M. incognita in respect of reducing their reproduction rate as compared to the untreated control 32, 33, 34, 35. Similarly, Lal and Rana 36 who recorded the lowest number of galls, egg masses and final nematode population of M. incognita in okra plants treated with T. harzainum. Many other researchers also confirmed previous findings, on the use of isolates of Trichoderma spp. for the management of root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops 21, 22, 32. In the present study soil amendments with organic soil amendments and nematicide gave the encouraging finding for the management root knot nematode and increasing yield of country bean. Many previous reviews have focused on the use of organic amendments to control plant-parasitic nematodes 16, 17, 9. Soil amendment with poultry refuse or integration of poultry refuse with nematicde Furadan 5G has also been reported to be effective against root-knot nematode of tomato 37, brinjal 38, potato 39, bottle gourd 40 and jute 41 which supported the results obtained from this study.Beneficial effects of organic wastes, poultry manure on nematode control and crop growth were also observed by other researchers 42, 16, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49. Oil cakes are usually considered good for controlling nematodes. Akhtar and Malik 16 repeatedly tested neem (Azadirachtaindica) oil cake, and found that it is particularly efficient against root-knot nematodes even at low dosages (1 to 2 t/ha). Several studies reported that oil cake applications reduced the Meloidogyne spp. population increasing plant growth and yield of different crops 50, 51.

Conclusion

The current study provides evidence that integration of poultry refuse, Trichoderma based bio-fungicide called Tricho-compost and neem oil cake with minimum dose of nematicide Furadan 5G are the effective for reducing root-knot disease, as well as increasing plant growth and receiving higher yield of country bean. Soil treatment with only Tricho-composts or integration of saw dust burning with Furadan 5G also performed better in reduction of root knot nematode disease and increasing plant growth as well as yield of country bean. The obtained results are highly encouraging, demonstrating their promising candidates as an alternative for the control of M. incognita in country bean under field condition.

References

  1. 1.BBS. (1998) Year Book of Agricultural Statistics of Bangladesh. , Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s
  1. 2.Anonymous. (2007) Research Report on Horticultural Crops (2006-07). Horticulture Research. , Centre, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipu, pp: 95.
  1. 3.Mian M I. (1986) Plant parasitic nematode associated with some crop species in Bangladesh. , Bangladesh J. Plant Pathol 2(1), 7-13.
  1. 4.MMM Abd-Elgawad, SSA Kabeil. (2010) Management of the root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognitaon tomato in Egypt. , Journal of American Science 6(8), 256-262.
  1. 5.MMM Abd-Elgawad. (2008) The current status of phytonematode management in Egypt with special reference to applicable nematicides. , Egyptian Journal of Agronematology 6, 33-46.
  1. 6.Wani A H. (2006) Management of root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita,on okra and lentil by soil amendment with oil cakes and leaves of different plants. , Nematol. Medit 34, 83-87.
  1. 7.Hasan M A, Chindo P S, Marley P S, Alegbejo M D. (2010) Management of root knot nematode (Meloidogynespp.) on tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) using organic wastes in. , Zaria, Nigeria, Plant Protect. Sci 46(1), 34-38.
  1. 8.Osei K, Addico R, Nafeo A, Edu-Kwarteng A, Agyemang A et al. (2011) Effect of some organic waste extracts on hatching ofMeloidogyne incognitaeggs. , Afr. J. Agric. Res 6(10), 2255-2259.
  1. 9.Thoden C, Korthals G W, Termorshuizen A J. (2011) Organic amendments and their influences onplant-parasitic and free-living nematodes: a promisingmethod for nematode management. Nematology,13:. 133-153.
  1. 10.Reno M. (2013) Organic amendments of soil as useful tools of plant parasitic nematodes control: review. , Helminthologia 50(1), 3-14.
  1. 11.Kaskavalci G. (2007) Effects of soil solarization and organic amendment treatments for controllingMeloidogyne incognitain tomato cultivars in Western Anatolia. , Turk. J. Agric 31, 159-167.
  1. 12.Reddy P P, Nagesh M, Devappa V. (1998) Management ofMeloidogyne incognitaon potato by integration ofTrichoderma harzianum, Glomus fasciculatumand neem cake. Advances in IPM for horticultural crops. Proceedings of the 1stNational Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: Environmental Implications and Thrust , Bangalore, India 349-352.
  1. 13.Siddiqui I A, Ehteshamul-Haque S, Ghaffar A. (1999) Root dips treatment withPseudomonas aeruginosaandTrichodermaspp. In controlling root knot complex in chilli. , Pakistan J. Nematol.17: 65-75.
  1. 14.Sharma P, Pandey R. (2009) Biological control of root-knot nematode;Meloidogyne incognitain the medicinal plant;Withania somniferaand the effect of bio-control agents on plant growth. , Afr. J. Agric. Res 4(6), 564-567.
  1. 15.Wachira P M, Kimenju J W, Okoth S A, Mibey R K. (2009) Stimulation of nematode-destroying fungi by organic amendments applied in managements of plant parasitic nematode. , Asian J. Plant Sci 8, 153-159.
  1. 16.Akhtar M, Malik A. (2000) Roles of organic soil amendments and soil organisms in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: a review. , Bioresour. Technol 74, 35-47.
  1. 17.Oka Y, Shapira N, Fine P. (2007) Control of root-knot nematodes in organic farming systems by organic amendments and soil solarization. , Crop Prot 26, 1556-1565.
  1. 18.Hallman J, Davies K G, Sikora R. (2009) Biological control using microbial pathogens, endophytes and antagonists. , Wallingford, UK 380-411.
  1. 19.Collange B, Navarrete M, Peyre G, Mateille T, Tchamitchian M. (2011) Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) management in vegetable crop production: the challenge of an agronomic system analysis. , Crop Protection 30, 1251-1262.
  1. 20.Arora R, Battu G S, Ramakrishnan N. (2000) Microbial pesticides: current status and future outlook. Pesticides and Environment. Common wealth Publishers , In: Dhaliwal, G.S., Singh B. (Eds.) 344-395.
  1. 21.Dababat A A, Sikora R A. (2007) Use ofTrichodermaharzianumandTrichodermaviridefor the biological control ofMeloidogyneincognitaon tomato. , Jordan J. of Agril. Sci 3, 297-309.
  1. 22.Affokpon A, Coyne D L, Htay C C, Agbèdè R D, Lawouin L et al. (2011) Biocontrol potential of nativeTrichodermaisolates against root-knot nematodes in West African vegetable production systems. , Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43, 600-608.
  1. 23.Padgham J L, Sikora R A. (2007) Biological control potential and modes of action ofBacillusmegateriumandMeloidogynegraminicolaon rice. , Crop Protection 26, 971-977.
  1. 24.Oliveira D F, HWP Carvalho, Nunes A S, Campos V P, Silva G H et al. (2009) Active substances againstMeloidogyneexiguaproduced in a liquid medium byBacillusmegaterium. , Nematologia Brasileira 33, 271-277.
  1. 25.Duponnois R, Chotte J L, Sall S, Cadet P. (2001) The Effects of Organic Amendments on the Interactions Between a Nematophagous FungusArthrobotrysoligosporaand the Root knot NematodeMeloidogynemayaguensisParasitizing Tomato Plants’,Biology and Fertility of Soils. 34, 1-6.
  1. 26.Nordbring-Hertz B, A Jansson HB Tunlid. (2002) Nematophagous Fungi’. , Encyclopedia of Life Science 12, 681-690.
  1. 27.Zeck W M. (1971) A rating scheme for field evaluation of root knot nematode infestation. , Pflanzenschutz Nachrichten. Bayer 24, 141-144.
  1. 28.Dahlin P, Eder R, Consoli E, Krauss J, Kiewnick S. (2019) Integrated control ofMeloidogyne incognitain tomatoes using fluopyram andPurpureocillium lilacinumstrain 251,Crop Protection. 124, 1-7.
  1. 29.Rao M S. (2007) Managementof root-knot nematode,Meloidogyneincognita(Kofoid & White) Chitwood, on crossandra (Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb.) usingPochoniachlamydosporiaandPseudomonasfluorescens. , J. Ornam. Hortic 10, 110-114.
  1. 30.Javed N, El-Hassan S, Gowen S, Pemproke B, Inam-Ul-Haq M. (2008) The potential of combining Pasteuria penetransand neem (Azadirachta indica) formulations as a management system for root-knot nematodes on tomato. , Eur. J. Plant Pathol 120, 53-60.
  1. 31.Sundaram R, Thangaraj T. (2001) Bio-intensive management of Meloidogyne incognita and Pythium aphanidurmatum in tomato nurseries. National Congress on Centary of Nematology in India: Appraisal and future plans, Dec.5-7 , IARI, New Delhi 169-170.
  1. 32.Sahebani N, Hadavi N. (2008) Biological control of the root-knot nematodeMeloidogynejavanicabyTrichodermaharzianum. , Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, 2016-2020.
  1. 33.Singh S, Rai A B, Singh R K. (2011) Bio-management of root-knot disease of Chilli (Capsicum annum) caused byMeloidogyne incognita. , Vegetable Science 38(1), 63-67.
  1. 34.Khan M R, Haque Z. (2011) Soil application of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum reduces root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, on tobacco. , Phytopathologia Mediterranea 50, 257-266.
  1. 35.Lidia B, Marek S, Krysztof S, Jolanta L, Malgorzata J. (2014) application and prospects for use in organic farming and industry. , Journal of Plant Protection Research 54(4), 309-317.
  1. 36.Lal B, Rana B P. (2013) Evaluation of fungi as seed and soil treatment against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in okra. , Agricultural Science Digest 33(3), 226-229.
  1. 37.Faruk M I, Rahman M L, Bari M A. (2002) Management of root knot nematode of tomato usingTrichoderma harzianumand organic soil amendment. , Bangladesh J. Plant Pathol 18, 33-37.
  1. 38.Bari M A, Faruk M I, Rahman M L, Ali M R. (2004) Effect of organic soil amendments and nematicide on root-knot nematode of brinjal. , Bangladesh J. Plant Pathol 20, 27-30.
  1. 39.Hossain S, Mian I H, Tsuno K. (1989) Efficacy of three nematicides and two oilcakes for control of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in potato seedlings. , J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ 34, 115-121.
  1. 40.Khan A G. (1996) Efficacy of chemical and soil amendments with mustard oil cake on the root knot (Meloidogyne javanica) of bottle gourd. , M.S. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, BAU, Mymensingh 59.
  1. 41.Mishra C B, Singh B, Laha S K. (1987) Integrated approach for root knot management in Jute. , Indian J. Nematol 17, 285-287.
  1. 42.Abubakar U, Majeed Q. (2000) Use of Animal Manure for the control of root knot nematodes of tomato. , Journal of Agriculture and Environment 1(12), 29-33.
  1. 43.Abubakar U, Adamu T. (2004) Control ofMeloidogyne incognita(Kofoid and White) Chitwood of tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicumKarst) using camel dung. , Journal of Tropical Biosciences,47: 1-3.
  1. 44.ASM Tijani, Mabagala R B, Mchimbi-Msolla D. (2000) Efficiency of different control methods applied separately and in combination in managing root knot nematodes (Meloidogynespp.) in common beans. , European Journal of Plant Pathology 106, 1-10.
  1. 45.Nwanguma E I, Awoderu J B. (2002) The relevance of poultry and pig droppings as nematode suppressants on okra and tomato. in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Horticultural Sciences,6: 67-69.
  1. 46.Nico A I, Jimenez-Diaz R M, Castilla P. (2004) Control of root knot nematodes by composed agroindustrial wastes in potting mixtures. , Crop Protection 23, 581-587.
  1. 47.Orisajo S B, Okeniyi M O, Fademi O A, Dongo L N. (2007) Nematicidal effects of water leaf extracts ofAcalypha ciliata,Jatropha gossypi folia,Azadirachta indicaandAllium ascalonicumonMeloidogyne incognitainfection on cacao seedlings. , J. of Res. in Bioscience 3(3), 49-53.
  1. 48.Farahat A A, Al-Sayed A A, Mahfoud N A. (2010) Compost and other organic and inorganic fertilizers in the scope of the root-knot nematode reproduction and control ofMeloidogyne incognitainfecting tomato.Egyptian. , Journal of Agro-nematology.9 18-29.
  1. 49.SLF Meyer, Orisajo S B, Chitwood D J, Vinyard B T, Millner P D. (2011) Poultry litter, compost for suppression of root-knot nematode on cacao plants.International. , Journal of Nematology21 2, 153-162.
  1. 50.Yadav Y S, Siddiqui A U, Aruna P. (2005) Management of root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognitainfesting gram through oil cakes. , Journal of Phytological Research 18(2), 263-264.
  1. 51.Nirosha A, Rajeshkanna S, Mikunthan G. (2018) Effect of oil cakes and garlic aqueous based formulations ofTrichoderma virideon management ofMeloidogyne incognitain chilli. , Open Agriculture 3, 214-219.